Planning Strategies Essay

Planning is the most basic managerial function. It helps managers identify opportunities, anticipate problems, and develop appropriate strategies and tactics. If done properly, planning identifies threats and opportunities, facilitates entrepreneurship and innovations, and fosters learning. Objectives help you attain our goal, establishing an overall strategy or achieving those goals, developing a comprehension hierarchy of plans to integrate and coordinate activities. Strategic planning focuses on the development of an organization’s mission and vision, goals, general strategies, and major resource allocations. Tactical planning focuses on the shorter term detailed decisions regarding what to do, who will do it and how to do it. Tactical planning specifies the actions for implementing strategic plans. Organizational diversification strategies on planning The primary organization level diversification strategies vary from single business strategy to dominant business strategy, related business strategy, and un-related business strategy. The complexity of strategic planning increases as an organization becomes more unrelated in terms of the range of differences in goods and services the firm provides and the differences in the markets it serves. Levels of strategy and planning Corporate level strategy focuses on the activities of various businesses (or product lines) within a parent organization. Business level strategy focuses on the operations and performance of a single business firm or strategic business unit. Functional level strategy focuses on the actions for managing each specialized area. It specifies how each function will contribute to the organizations business level strategies and goals. Strategic Business Level Planning Planning Process:- 1. Develop the organizations vision, mission and goals 2. Diagnose opportunities and threats 3. Diagnose strengths and weaknesses 4. Develop strategies 5. Prepare strategic plan 6. Prepare tactical plans 7. Control and diagnose the results of both strategic and tactical plans 8. Continue planning process

Prom Nights from Hell Chapter Seven

â€Å"He didn't even know you were there,† Sibby said. â€Å"He never even knew who hit him.† â€Å"That was the idea.† They were parked next to an abandoned Amtrak maintenance building on an old part of the train tracks that was completely hidden from the street. It was the place Miranda had started coming seven months earlier to work out all her new crazy energy and try things she couldn't practice anywhere else-Roller Derby was great for speed, balance, gymnastics, and shoving moves, but you weren't supposed to use advanced judo. Or weapons. She could make out marks from her last crossbow exercise on the side of the building, and the piece of railroad track she'd tied in a knot the day after Will rejected her was still lying on the ground. She'd never seen anyone else here, and she was sure she and Sibby would be pretty much invisible as long as they stayed parked. â€Å"Where did you learn to knock people out like that?† Sibby asked, sprawled out over the backseat. â€Å"Can you teach me?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"Why not? Just one move?† â€Å"Absolutely not.† â€Å"Why did you say you were sorry after you hit him?† Miranda swiveled to face her. â€Å"It's my turn to ask questions. Who wants to kill you and why?† â€Å"Gods, I don't know. It could be a ton of people. It's not like that, how you think it is.† â€Å"What's it like then?† â€Å"It's complicated. But if we can just hang out until four in the morning, there's a place I can go.† â€Å"That's six hours from now.† â€Å"That'll give me time for at least ten more kisses.† â€Å"Well, of course. What else would you do while someone is trying to kill you besides go out and tongue tango with as many strangers as possible?† â€Å"They weren't trying to kill me, they were trying to abduct me. It's totally different. Come on, I want to do something fun. Something with boys.† â€Å"Or we could not do that.† â€Å"Look, just because you are a founding member of Down with Fun Inc. doesn't mean that the rest of us want to sign up.† â€Å"I am not a founding member of Down with Fun Inc. I like fun. But-â€Å" â€Å"Funkiller.† † – somehow the idea of wandering around while ‘a ton of people' are trying to kidnap you, doesn't sound fun to me. It sounds like a good way to get into the Guinness Book of World Records under ‘Plan, comma, World's Most Stupid. Plus innocent bystanders could get caught in the middle when the ton of people find you.† â€Å"‘If, not ‘when. And they don't care about anyone but me.† Miranda rolled her eyes and turned back around. â€Å"That's why they're called innocent bystanders. Because they were standing by you and accidentally got hurt.† â€Å"Then you should definitely get away from me. Seriously, although there's nothing I'd rather do than sit parked in a homeless person's bathroom for six hours with only you for company, I think it would be safer for both of us if I take my chances elsewhere. Like at that ice cream place we passed on the way here. Did you see the lips on the guy behind the counter? They were mythic. Drop me there and I'll be all set.† â€Å"You're so not going anywhere.† â€Å"Really? Because that sound you hear? Is me reaching for the door handle.† â€Å"Really? Because that sound you hear? Is me engaging the child lock.† In the rearview mirror, Miranda saw Sibby's eyes blaze. â€Å"You're really mean,† Sibby said. â€Å"Something horrible must have happened to you to make you so mean.† â€Å"I'm not mean. I'm just trying to keep you safe.† â€Å"Are you sure it's me you're thinking about? Not some skeleton in your closet? Like the time you-â€Å" Miranda turned up the radio. â€Å"Turn that down! I was talking and I'm the customer.† â€Å"Not anymore.† Sibby yelled really loud, â€Å"What happened to your sister?† â€Å"I don't know what you are talking about,† Miranda yelled back. â€Å"That's a lie.† Miranda didn't say anything. â€Å"I asked you before if you had a sister and you got all teary,† Sibby shouted in her ear. â€Å"Why won't you tell me?† Miranda turned down the radio. â€Å"Can you give me three good reasons why I should?† â€Å"It might make you feel better. It would give us something to talk about while we sit here. And if you don't tell me, I'm going to start guessing.† Miranda leaned her head back, checked her watch, and turned to stare out the window. â€Å"Be my guest.† â€Å"You bugged her so much she left? You bored her so much she left? Or did you drive her away with the huge stick you keep up your butt?† â€Å"Stop being tender with my feelings. Go on, tell me what you really think.† From the backseat Sibby said, â€Å"That might have been too mean. Sorry.† Miranda didn't say anything. â€Å"You don't really have a stick in your butt. You couldn't drive then, right? Ha-ha?† Silence. â€Å"But I mean, you started it. With the child-lock thing. I'm not a child. I'm fourteen.† More silence. â€Å"I said I was sorry.† In the backseat Sibby slumped, sighed. â€Å"Fine. Be that way.† Silence. Until, for no reason she could explain, Miranda said, â€Å"They died.† Sibby sat up quick now, leaning toward the front seat. â€Å"Who? Your sisters?† â€Å"Everyone. My whole family.† â€Å"Was it because of something you did?† â€Å"Yes. And because of something I didn't do. I think.† â€Å"Um, Grandma Grim, that doesn't make any sense. How can not doing something-wait, you think?. Don't you know what happened?† â€Å"I can't really remember anything from that part of my life.† â€Å"You mean from that day?† â€Å"No. From that year. And the year after. Anything pretty much from when I was ten until when I turned twelve. And there are a few other holes, too.† â€Å"You mean that stuff is just too painful to remember?† â€Å"No, it's just†¦ gone. All I have are impressions.† And the dreams. Really really bad dreams. â€Å"Like what?† â€Å"Like that I wasn't where I should have been and something happened and I let everyone down†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She stopped, waved a hand in the air. â€Å"Wait, you actually think you could have stopped whatever happened to them? By yourself? When you were four years younger than me?† Miranda's throat felt like it was closing up. She'd never told anyone even that much of her real history before, never talked about it, not even with Kenzi. Ever. She swallowed hard. â€Å"I could have tried. I could have been there and tried.† â€Å"Oh my gods, now this is some kind of pity party. Yawn. Wake me when you're done.† Miranda gaped at her in the mirror. â€Å"I told you I didn't want to talk about it but you kept bugging me and now you turn into the mayor of TellItLikeItIsVille?† Swallowing again. â€Å"You little-â€Å" â€Å"You don't even know what happened! How can you feel so bad about it? Plus, I don't see how that can be your fault. You weren't even there and you were only ten. I think you should stop obsessing about some mystery thing that is ancient history and live in the mo.† â€Å"I'm sorry, did you just tell me to ‘live in the mo'?† â€Å"Yes. You know, ditch the past and try focusing on what's going on in the present. Like that the song on the radio right now? Sucks. And that there is a whole city of cute boys out there I am not kissing.† Miranda took a deep breath, but before she could say anything, Sibby went on. â€Å"I know, I know you say you're sorry to the people you knock out because you never got to say sorry to your family, and you have to keep me safe because you couldn't keep them safe. I get it now.† â€Å"That is not what's going on. I-â€Å" â€Å"Blah blah blah, insert denials here. Anyway, why does ‘safe' have to mean sitting in this car with you all night? Isn't there somewhere we could blend in? Instead of hiding? I'm good at blending. I'm like butter.† â€Å"Oh yeah, you're totally like butter. In fact, in your Madonna-called-and-she-wants-her-costume-from-the-‘Borderline'-video-back outfit, you're practically invisible.† â€Å"Good one, Funkiller. Come on, let's go somewhere.† Miranda turned all the way around in her seat and said, â€Å"Let me sound it out for you. Someone. Is. Trying. To. Kill. You.† â€Å"No. They. Are. Not. You keep saying that, but I've told you. They can't kill me. You should really work on this obsession you have with people getting killed. And I have to be honest with you, I'm getting bored. What do you have the radio set to, K-CRAP? There is no way we are staying in this car for six hours.† Miranda had to agree with her. Because if they did, it was now clear she'd kill Sibby herself. That's when she thought of the perfect place for them to go. â€Å"You want to blend in?† she asked. â€Å"Yes. With boys.† â€Å"Guys,† Miranda said. â€Å"What?† â€Å"Normal American girls from this century call them guys, not boys. If you want to blend in.† For a second, Sibby looked shocked. Then she gave a little smile. â€Å"Oh. Yes. Guys.† â€Å"‘Yeah, not ‘yes. Unless you're talking to a grown-up.† â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"And it's ‘Oh my God' or ‘God, not ‘gods. â€Å" â€Å"Did I-?† â€Å"Yeah. And no one ever has or ever will say, ‘live in the mo. â€Å" â€Å"Just wait.† â€Å"No. Never. Oh, and no paying guys for kisses. You don't need to. They should feel lucky to kiss you.† Sibby frowned. â€Å"Why are you being so nice to me and helping me? You don't even like me.† â€Å"Because I know what it's like to be far from home, alone, trying to fit in. And to never be able to tell anyone the truth about who you are.† After they'd been driving in silence for a few minutes, Sibby said, â€Å"Have you ever killed someone with your bare hands?† Miranda looked at her in the rearview. â€Å"Not yet.† â€Å"Ha-ha.†

UPenns Acceptance Rate: What Does It Take to Get In?

Only 8.4% of students get into UPenn. How can you stand out in the college admissions process? The University of Pennsylvania is one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in the nation. A member of the Ivy League, UPenn was founded by none other than Benjamin Franklin, who wanted to create a culture that â€Å"well-done is better than well-said.† Located in Philadelphia, UPenn provides numerous opportunities for its students to put into practice what they are learning and become leaders in their fields. Here’s what you need to know to get in. When you apply to UPenn, you will apply to one of the following—the College of Arts and Sciences, the School of Engineering and Applied Science (Penn Engineering), the School of Nursing, or the Wharton School. It’s not easier or harder to get into one school over the other; just choose the one that matches your academic and professional interests. There are some important dates and deadlines to keep in mind: Early Decision applicants should submit all the requisite materials by November 1. For Regular Decision, the deadline is January 5. If you’re unsure about whether or not you should apply early, check out our post that explains the difference between early action, early decision, and regular decision . Be sure to submit all of the following components by the date required: For students with significant financial need, they may substitute the QuestBridge Application instead of the Common or Coalition Application. Last year, UPenn received a total of 44,491 applications. Of those, only 3,740 students were admitted, meaning they have an 8.4% acceptance rate. Out of the admitted students, 2,518 enrolled this year. That means that UPenn has a yield of 67%, meaning that most students who are accepted into UPenn choose to attend. 8.4% may sound daunting or nearly impossible to get in, but it is important to remember that your chances of acceptance depend on the strength of your application profile. There are a few things you can do to increase your chances of being admitted, including talking to people who have been through the UPenn admissions process, whether an alumni in your community, or a third-party college admissions consulting team like . Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. UPenn looks for students who embody Benjamin Franklin’s ideal of people who want to be in service to society. As one of the â€Å"elites†, UPenn factors every part of your application, from your essays to your test scores into their admissions decision, so you’ll want to showcase how your passion and talents serve or impact your community. In terms of academics, UPenn requires that students consistently take classes in core subject areas (English, Social Studies, Math, Science, and foreign language). You should aim to take at least one course in each of those subjects every year you are in high school, or as close to every year possible, and excel in each. In the class of 2022, 96% of applicants were in the top 10% of their high school. When taking the SAT or ACT, aim for a score in the range of the middle 50% of applicants to increase your chances of being admitted: UPenn is similar to Brown and Columbia in that it heavily values academics, but with more of an explicit focus on intellectual diversity and service to society. UPenn wants to admit scholarly students with a clear passion to impact community backed by quantifiable action and leadership. When you apply to one of UPenn’s four schools, you need to demonstrate how you would fit the type of student that school is looking for in each component of the application. Showcase your intellectual diversity. It’s not enough to just get good grades in your classes. If you want to receive an acceptance letter from UPenn, you need to make sure you are taking (and excelling in) the most rigorous high school curriculum. Additionally, your course load should reflect diversity. So, if STEM courses dominate your transcript, you should make sure you are balancing it out with humanities classes (or vice versa). Tell your story. UPenn approaches applications holistically and with great care. All students are required to tell the university how they will explore their intellectual and academic interests and there are additional essays specific to the program you choose. Use these opportunities to tell UPenn what you’re like as a student, friend, family member, innovator, and future world-changer – all the intangible qualities that make you unique.

JPMorgan Organizational Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

JPMorgan Organizational Planning - Essay Example The essay "JPMorgan Organizational Planning" talks about JPMorgan, a global financial services and banking company based in the United States of America. The company serves as the biggest American bank, having total assets amounting to $2.6 trillion. It serves as a key financial services provider. JPMorgan is among the largest of the four large banks in the U.S., with Citigroup, Bank of America, and Wells Fargo. As the biggest bank in America and the world, it is true that JPMorgan embarks on revolutionary organizational strategies remain competitive Strategic planning has many forms, shapes, and sizes. It facilitates in differentiating each business as well as the functions and goals they are hoping to achieve. One of the key strategies that JP Morgan embarks on is merging with reputable firms to boost its key operations. For instance, long term planning is of vital importance for every organization that wants to continue expanding its global operations. It has always set a mission that would drive it to emerge as the biggest bank globally. The strategies that the company embarks on as allowed it to emerge as one of the worldwide leaders in banking and financial services. For instance, by the year 2014, JPMorgan overall assets were about $2.515 trillion as well as $227.1 billion in terms of stockholders equity. To boost its expansion and growth potential further, JPMorgan invests in some of the fastest growing economies globally. The firm has established its operations in approximately 85 countries globally.

Pros and Cons of a Person With a Mental Illness as a US President Essay

Pros and Cons of a Person With a Mental Illness as a US President - Essay Example Some mental disorders have symptoms which may negatively affect not only the patient him or herself but also the other people around which is classified as a violation of one’s freedom and certain right in every individual case. Delusions of the President would negatively affect his decisions making: the decision made in a condition of delusion would be characterized by nonsense, for example, to close all the universities or increase the taxes by 1000 times. Obviously, these ideas are not realistic, but the person with a mental illness would not react to such statements and would go on reckoning that only he or she is right. Hallucinations are also negative things for the person acting as a US President: for example, some decision may be taken properly, but it may turn out to be that the patient with a mental disorder has taken advice from a phantom, not from a real person, and revealing this fact would create concern among the public. Disorganized behavior is also a symptom which makes a person unpredictable: for example, today the President feels excited and makes good presents and treats the people around good, but tomorrow he or she may become very aggressive and apply the behavior model which is not proper for a country leader. Taking the above said into consideration, it is possible to state that there are more cons than pros in the possibility of a mentally ill person becoming the US President, and they all concern the way the other people may be affected by a person subjected to a certain mental illness.

Statement of Purpose for pursuing graduate study Essay

Statement of Purpose for pursuing graduate study - Essay Example I have always yearned to listen, speak, read, write, and understand the Chinese language. Although it has been more than 20 years, I still remember a couple of my Chinese teachers’ names from the elementary school that I attended at the time. My major was Chinese Literature, and my test scores in Chinese have been relatively higher than my other subjects in high school. My feelings towards furthering my graduate studies in Chinese became stronger after studying in an art school for a couple of semesters. I have realized that Art has been an interest to me as well as a hobby. I have found that my passion is in the study of Chinese. I studied at the San Francisco State University where I obtained my baccalaureate degree in Criminal Justice. My experiences as a student were very positive, therefore, I wish to pursue my graduate Chinese studies at the same institution of higher education. I would like to engage in Chinese performance arts with a modern Chinese literature focus. Being bilingual in Chinese and English will give me the opportunity to perform research using primary sources and translating those research documents taking into account the differences and similarities of the western and eastern worlds: languages, cultures, traditions, customs, idiomatic terms, and non-verbal communication. This will be an asset for professors that are performing research given the Chinese language and any other dialects I may know for translation purposes given the above mentioned elements that need to be taken into consideration. I have faith and trust that a good college education will be the embodiment of one’s academic hopes and dreams for a better life. It will not only prepare me for my chosen profession, but it will also provide me with the social and individual interactive skills that are necessary for my personal and professional life. I hope that the Chinese Program at the San Francisco State University gives me the opportunity to become part of its

Web design proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Web design proposal - Essay Example This should also make the website easier to navigate. As Phebra were previously known as PharmaLab, it could also be considered as a â€Å"rebranding† promotion. The look and feel of new website is important, from the perspective of customer branding and effective marketing. Another reason for Phebra to renew their website is that they are considering putting more section and more content into the WebPages. Phebra want to add ‘Manufacturing’, ‘Medical Information’, and ‘People’ section, together with the four main sections on the current website. This will help Phebra to provide much more details to its clients that will be an advantage, as it will create believe and trust for Phebra from its clients. Another feature for Phebra new website will be the intranet search engine. Phebra clients will simply use keywords to find out the product they are looking for and will gather related information about product. Additionally, adding Content Management System (CMS) to the website will be important as it will facilitate Phebra to update there company information and upload new product or take out the old product. CMS will help Phebra to maintain their website and provide latest information more efficiently. Furthermore, Phebra wants to provide online account to clients so that they can order and view their purchase history. This will also help Phebra to study their clients need and come out with new solutions. The current design is based on blue and white colour scheme. The main focus of the front page is the pull down menu which list out the details of the products of the company. The website is simplistic on the front page; in the main sections include the business, products, ordering information and a contacts page. The main theme on the index page is titled â€Å"life-enhancing medicines† which is quite effective. The news section on the

The Use of Literary Elements in Shakespeare's Hamlet Essay

The Use of Literary Elements in Shakespeare's Hamlet - Essay Example The metaphors are used by the author of the play to reveal that despite the fact that Claudius, Hamlet’s uncle, had killed his brother to attain the throne, they were extremely alike to each other. It shows Hamlet’s belief that both his uncle and father were men who valued their own power more than those people who were around them. It is because of this that eventually, both came to their downfall because had they valued their people, then the tragic events which took place in the play would not have happened. Another important metaphor that is used in the play is that related to the cannon fire, which accompanies the king’s toasts, and this helps to show that Claudius, the king, is united with the land that the rules. In reference to the cannon fire, Hamlet states, "†¦or that the Everlasting had not to fix'd his canon 'gainst self-slaughter!" (Act 1 scene 2). This is used to express Hamlet’s wish that his uncle Claudius would turn into a cloud (a pl ay with the name Claudius) so that when the cannons shot into that cloud, it would be able to kill him. This would, in essence, freed Hamlet from his promise to his father’s ghost that he would kill Claudius to avenge his death. Tone When one considers the tone of this play, one would say that it is extremely dark. This is especially because of the fact that almost all the characters within it either are thinking dark thoughts or are plotting to commit evil things. From the very beginning of the play, we see plenty of anxiety and uncertainty concerning the events that are taking place or are likely to take place. The mood in which Hamlet is put after talking to his father’s ghost is extremely dark, and those who know him come to believe that he is going mad. This dark mood is also transmitted to those who either are around him and their actions, directly or indirectly, reflect the darkness, which is in the play. The soliloquies, which Hamlet has concerning the dark asp ects of life such as betrayal and mortality, are some of the things that contribute to the tone of the play. However, from the first line of the play when the guard, Bernardo yells, â€Å"Who’s there!† (Act 1 scene 1) the dark tone of the play is set. It is later revealed that this may have been an expression of the anxiety, which the guards felt after seeing the ghost of their former king several times during the nights. Style One of the aspects of style that is revealed when one reads Hamlet is the use of verse among the main characters when they speak. These characters often use words, which have an unaccented syllable followed by an accented one. This creates a rhythmic pattern in their speech and it can be said that Shakespeare used this style of writing in order to keep the attention of the audience on the play and the characters within it. An example of the use of verse in the play is in Act 1 scene 2 when Hamlet states, â€Å"O, that this too too solid flesh w ould melt, Thaw and resolve itself into a dew!† When one considers Hamlet’s soliloquies, one will find that he often speaks in a formal tone, and this is used to reveal that he comes from the nobility.  

The Doctrine Of Insurable Interest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

The Doctrine Of Insurable Interest - Essay Example The earliest references to insurable interest simply emphasised this characteristic of insurance. Since the insurer's contractual undertaking was to indemnify the insured for patrimonial loss, the latter had to prove that he had a financial interest upon the happening of the insured event because there could be no loss without an interest. In this very respect insurance was considered to differ from a wager because wagers did not contain an indemnity clause. The English common law was much to the same effect until 1774 when the Life Assurance Act3 was adopted. This Act introduced some important changes. South Africa inherited the English doctrine of insurable interest. This was brought about by certain colonial legislation4 which adopted English insurance law in the then Cape Colony and the Orange Free State. For this reason English law must be considered. In the recent case of Feasey v Sun Life Insurance Corp of Canada the Court confirmed that the interest necessary for life assurance must sound in money. At the same time it acknowledged the differences between indemnity and non-indemnity insurance. Special emphasis is put on the question of precisely what interest the parties intended to insure. It is clear that English law has not made much progre... It has even been suggested that insurable interest in life assurance in many respects is clearly out of touch with reality and that reform is necessary. Some important aspects of the English rules on insurable interest have indeed become firmly entrenched by trade usage and no turn-around seems possible, e.g. the rule that a person may insure his or her own life and that of his or her spouse for any amount he or she deems appropriate. On the other hand, some important matters must after the repeal of the provincial ordinances be considered as being open. Thus the question may be asked whether the existence of an actual insurable interest at the time of contracting is a separate requirement in law for the validity of a true contract of insurance. May a future interest for instance be insured on condition that the interest materialises before occurrence of the insured event (http://www.ombud.co.za/res/pdf/INSURABLE%20INTEREST%20IN%20THE%20CONTEXT%20OF%20LONG.pdf) Here there are in effect two questions. The issue raised most commonly is whether the definition of insurable interest is too narrow. Should unmarried cohabitants not be able to insure each other's life even in the absence of financial dependency Should the requirement of a proprietary interest be retained The more fundamental issue is whether it is obligatory to keep hold of the doctrine of insurable interest at all. In United Kingdom it seems to have been eliminated for definite types of business.1 The problem will have to be measured in the light of apprehensions about moral risks and, at a lawful level, the probable result of the Gambling Act 2005, which makes gambling contracts enforceable. Although the 2005 Act has not

Rhetorical analysis over an inconvenient truth Research Paper

Rhetorical analysis over an inconvenient truth - Research Paper Example This increasing trend is the reason the earth is warming and its climate changing. Greenhouse gasses are predominantly man-made. (Lean, Pearce, 2006). People are the cause but their collective acknowledgement of the global warming problem has been slow. Because of this apathy, if the population of the planet were to immediately discontinue polluting the air with carbon dioxide emissions, climate changes would still continue long into the future. Humans are creating a planet that will experience major climactic changes in the near future, a shameful circumstance. The film by Al Gore An Inconvenient Truth is pointed directly at citizens and politicians of the U.S. who, for reasons unknown to Gore and the rest of the civilized world, are either unaware or deny global warming exists except in the mind of liberal environmentalists. To this end, Gore attacks the misconceptions perpetrated by large corporations such as oil and auto companies which believe they will be the losers if limits o f CO2 emissions are legislated in the U.S. For example oil and gas company Koch Industries has given $73 million to climate denial groups. (Vidal, 2010). Recent commercials touted the benefits of CO2, how it wasn’t harmful because it was natural.

Brice Family Essay Example for Free

Brice Family Essay The Brice family consisted of a family unit of five. The father Davie a lawyer, the mother Caroline, their teenage daughter Claudia, the younger daughter Laura and younger son Don. The family was referred by a psychiatrist who had been seeing Claudia, but felt the whole family needed to be in therapy. The first session was a challenge, the family agreed to go in all together only for the initial session and they were not very comfortable to begin with. The mother Caroline felt the problem that should be address was the issues their teen daughter was having and she did not believe the entire family should be there. Both the mother and daughter came in angry to the therapy session and there was a lot of tension in the room. The father was respectful and stated he was happy to be there, but his body language told the therapist he has not comfortable being there. The youngest daughter Laura seemed to be in a cheerful mood with high energy. The youngest son Don did not show up for the first session. During the session there was an argument that broke out between mother and daughter, Carolyn seems to think they are in therapy to resolve the daughter’s issues that is affecting the entire family, but she does not feel the family as a unit has a problem. Both therapists agreed that it would not be ideal to start the family session without the youngest son Don who did not show up. David and Carolyn did not seem happy with this choice and felt the longer they waited  for their daughter to get help the worst it would get. Carl explain the dynamics of the family and how important it was to have Don at the initiation of the family session, and asked the family to think if they wanted to be a part of the family they are in, and if they did to call and set up a time for the next session with Don include. Dave did not hesitate and agreed to set up an appointment then and there; he looked over at his wife and asked he if she agreed. Carolyn agreed and towards the end of the session Carl connected with Laura the youngest daughter by engaging her in dialog and asking what she thought about everything that was going on in the family. By doing this Carl was able to show the family how every member of the family has a valuable place in therapy, and it is not just about one person. Second Session The second session with the Brice family was as intense as the first one. Don the younger brother did attend the second session. He came in with a sloppy walk. Don has long blond hair and dressed in body shirt jeans and sandals. He introduced himself to Carl and seemed confident. Once the family was settle and the session started the focus of the session would always seem to try and come back to Claudia. Both parents think that Claudia is the cause of the family dysfunction and their marriage is in trouble because of her. Carl did a great job by taking the focus away from Claudia and putting it back on both parents. He was able to have them see that there were other issues that stemmed with them as a couple, and the structure of the family unit. David over working and not being a part of the family and Carolyn being over involved with her mother and her needs. Whitaker and Napier conceptualized the family’s difficulties as a whole problem. They did not see it stem form one family member. They felt the family all had some issues as individuals and as a couple for the parents that were not address when they should have been. Because the issues were set aside they resurfaced and intensified along with Claudia’s changing attitude and miss behavior. This is one of the reasons both parents seem to focus on Claudia and identified her as the main cause of the family’s problems. When using individual understanding of a family’s problem each family member is seen separate. The family is not taken in as a unit, but instead they work on the individual to be able to create harmony in the family. Each member issue are addressed  individually and worked on without the rest of the family having a part. When looked at as individual there is a targeted behavior the individual is seeing as the problem not the family unit as a whole. Carl used the systemic family approach with the Brice family, both therapist looked at the circular interaction of the family problem, the family role of each family member and how they fit in to contributing to the family dysfunction and made sure the entire family was present for the first intervention. Both therapist looked for positive contributions to the social organization of the family that they could look back on to start working with the family as one unit and not focus on one member of the family to be the problem. One of the interventions came by the simple sitting arrangement the family had. The family in the beginning of the session unconsciously sat according to the family structure and how they felt it was. By having the therapist change the seating arrangements was a symbolic change and shift in the family structure to what it should be. Systematic therapy seems to be the best time of therapy for the Brice family. In this paper I have talked about the first two sessions of the Brice family, I have included Whitaker’s and Napier’s conceptualization of the families difficulties and described ho this differs from individual understanding. I also talked about specific interventions used with the family.

The Food Dilemma of the Omnivore Essay Example for Free

The Food Dilemma of the Omnivore Essay Everybody loves food, especially America. Americans are obsessed with food, and that is correlated to the fact that in America, food is almost always readily available to us. We have fast food restaurants, grocery stores, restaurants, and farmers markets with most of the food being relatively affordable. Our nation without a doubt has many dilemmas that need to be solved, however if you were to group all of these dilemmas into different sets and focus on the â€Å"food† set of the dilemmas, which would be our nation’s current food dilemma? Taking everything into account, finding healthy, tasteful foods seems to be the main concern of many Americans today. With obesity on the rise like it is, healthy foods are a need to many of Americans. However, this is a very difficult dilemma to solve because many of the tasteful foods are usually the unhealthy ones, eating only healthy foods could very well make us miss out on key nutrients our body needs, and also the â€Å"important† qualities of food are only known because of science. Some of the trademarks of American foods are pizza and hamburgers, however when has a regular pizza or regular hamburger ever been ordered by someone on a strict diet or someone who only eats healthy foods? Hamburgers have been transformed into veggie burgers and pizzas have been changed to white pizzas. The problem with veggie burgers and white pizzas are they simply do not taste as good as a regular hamburger or pizza. As Michael Pollen stated, â€Å"to think of some of the most delicious components of food as toxins, as nutritionism has taught us to do in the case of fat, does little for our happiness as eaters† (13). When Americans try and eat healthy, they opt to go for the healthy options and not the unhealthy options even though those are the foods that taste the best. So to conquer the dilemma of finding healthy, tasteful foods, we must find healthy foods that taste as good as the unhealthy foods. In America, the amount of Americans who vow to eat healthy and live a  healthy life has indeed gone up of the past decades, but how come the amount of Americans who get sick and who get diseases have gone up. The quality of life is certainly greater now than it was during World War II and during the steel mill days, but the amount of cancer patients has gone up along with many other life threatening diseases. Could that be connected to the fact that food is no longer what it used to be and vital nutrients are missing from our diet because they are only available to us from unhealthy foods? In The Changing Significance of Food, Margaret Mead brings up the question, â€Å"how can the country be overnourished and undernourished at the same time† (15). Mead is point on when she states that America is overnourished based upon how many healthy foods we have, however it is very interesting when she states we are undernourished at the same time. America is able to be both undernourished and overnourished because the healthy, diet foods do not contain the nutrients we need to live a healthy life. An example of this would be the choice between whole milk and skim milk for a baby or toddler. Skim milk is obviously healthier and does not contain as many calories as whole milk, however does skim milk supply all of the nutrients whole milk does to the body. If we can succeed in adding all of the nutrients we as humans need to the deemed â€Å"healthy† foods, we will be a step closer in conquering the problem of finding healthy, tasteful foods. There are so many foods out there that are labeled healthy, like turkey, white chicken, green tea, and skim milk. However, how do we as consumers know what make all these healthy foods healthy? All of the information we know about food comes from inside a laboratory where food scientists study the components of all the food imaginable. Because of this, any food with any trace of fat in it is automatically thrown out of consideration for being labeled healthy. On the other hand, sure fat may not be healthy, but what if there is a health benefit to eating a certain kind of fat. Maybe down the line scientists will discover a certain kind of fat can help prevent cancer. Going back to Michael Pollen’s article of Nutritionism, Pollen’s quotes Harvey Levenstein when he states â€Å"taste is not a true guide to what should be eaten; that one should not simply eat what one enjoys; that the important components of foods cannot be seen or tasted, but are discernible only in scientific laboratories† (14). Important qualities of  foods now a day are calories, fat and carbohydrates while in the past they were vitamin B, protein and calcium. When producers take out all the unhealthy nutrients in food, the tastefulness of the food indeed goes down, making it a less desirable option. Once again, with the â€Å"important† qualities of food being limited and constraint to a strict standard, it is harder to combat the problem of finding healthy, tasteful foods. Closing out the problems that make it harder to combat the dilemma of finding healthy, tasteful food options, consumers must remember that eating healthy is a very tricky thing. Like stated earlier, the choice between skim milk and whole milk can be a very difficult decision because of the pros and cons of each choice, but in the end the choice should always be decided on which food is better for your body, not which is the â€Å"labeled healthier† option. All in all, our nation’s current food dilemma is finding healthy, tasteful foods because many of the tasteful foods are the unhealthy ones, the country is so concerned about eating healthy we are missing some vital nutrients from the â€Å"unhealthy† foods, and the â€Å"important† qualities of food are only known because of science.

Information About The Relative Worth Of An Employee Commerce Essay

Information About The Relative Worth Of An Employee Commerce Essay Performance appraisal is the process of obtaining, analyzing and recording information about the relative worth of an employee. The focus of the performance appraisal is measuring and improving the actual performance of the employee and also the future potential of the employee. Its aim is to measure what an employee does. According to Flippo, a prominent personality in the field of Human resources, performance appraisal is the systematic, periodic and an impartial rating of an employees excellence in the matters pertaining to his present job and his potential for a better job. Performance appraisal is a systematic way of reviewing and assessing the performance of an employee during a given period of time and planning for his future Objectives Of Performance appraisal: To review the performance of the employees over a given period of time. To judge the gap between the actual and the desired performance. To help the management in exercising organizational control. Helps to strengthen the relationship and communication between superior subordinates and management employees. To diagnose the strengths and weaknesses of the individuals so as to identify the training and development needs of the future. To provide feedback to the employees regarding their past performance. Provide information to assist in the other personal decisions in the organization. Provide clarity of the expectations and responsibilities of the functions to be performed by the employees. To judge the effectiveness of the other human resource functions of the organization such as recruitment, selection, training and development. To reduce the grievances of the employees. Performance appraisal of employee is important in managing the human resource of an organization. With the change towards knowledge-based capitalism, maintaining talented knowledge workers is critical. However, management classification of outstanding, poor and average performance may not be an easy decision. Besides that, superior might also tend to judge the work performance of their subordinates informally and arbitrarily especially without the existence of a system of appraisal. Performance appraisal of candidates in relation to a particular position, is a key task towards managing the human resources of an organization. Supervisors are concerned with performance appraisal judgments and evaluations that they have to make on their subordinates. On the other hand, subordinates are increasingly realizing the importance of performance appraisal since it would very much affect their rewards and future career path. As the world began to shift towards knowledge based capitalism, it reminds all organizations on the importance of maintaining their talented knowledge workers. Performance appraisal is usually conducted periodically within an organization to examine and discuss the work performance of subordinate so as to identify the strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities for improvement among employees. Following this, most of the employers use the performance appraisal result to determine if a particular staff should be terminated or reinforced; as an employee development and coaching tool; to give a practical evaluation of an employees readiness for promotion; and to serve as the foundation for giving merit bonus. Some companies do not havea formal appraisal system and as a result the company gets infected with certain drawbacks like under motivated and under committed workers. In a recent Human Resources Forum poll, 16 percent of the people responding have no performance appraisal system at all. Supervisory opinions, provided once a year, are the only appraisal process for 56 percent of respondents. Another 16 percent described their appraisals as based solely on supervisor opinions, but administered more than once a year. The improvement of performance appraisal systems is a matter of sharing a social definition of performance appraisal that is congruent with the original intent decided by the organisation. The management development professional can aid the process by being educated about appraisal systems, analysing the potential benefits to the organisation, and accepting that all appraisers need training. To help performance appraisal reach its fullest potential, management development professionals need to be political strategists, appraisal system experts, trainers, salespeople and catalysts, in combination. An organization comes across various problems and challenges Of Performance Appraisalin order to make a performance appraisal system effective and successful. The main Performance Appraisal challenges involved in the performance appraisal processare: Identification of the appraisal criteria is one of the biggest problems faced by the top management. The performance data to be considered for evaluation should be carefully selected. For the purpose of evaluation, the criteria selected should be in quantifiable or measurable terms Top management should choose the raters or the evaluators carefully. They should have the required expertise and the knowledge to decide the criteria accurately. They should have the experience and the necessary training to carry out the appraisal process objectively. Many errors based on the personal bias like stereotyping, halo effect (i.e. one trait influencing the evaluators rating for all other traits) etc. may creep in the appraisal process. Therefore the rater should exercise objectivity and fairness in evaluating and rating the performance of the employees. The appraisal process may face resistance from the employees and the trade unions for the fear of negative ratings. Therefore, the employees should be communicated and clearly explained the purpose as well the process of appraisal. The standards should be clearly communicated and every employee should be made aware that what exactly is expected from him/her.    The appraisal process might also be influenced by the following factors relating to the forms that are used by raters: The rating scale may be quite vague and unclear The rating form may ignore important aspects of job performance. The rating form may contain additional, irrelevant performance dimensions. The forms may be too long and complex. The raters may not be adequately trained to carry out performance management activities. This becomes a serious limitation when the technical competence of a ratee is going to be evaluated by a rater who has limited functional specialization in that area. The raters may not have sufficient time to carry out appraisals systematically and conduct thorough feedback sessions. Sometimes the raters may not be competent to do the evaluations owing to a poor self-image and lack of self-confidence. They may also get confused when the objectives of appraisal are somewhat vague and unclear. If the sincere appraisal effort put in by a rater is not suitably rewarded, the motivation to do the job thoroughly finishes off. Sometimes, low ratings given by raters are viewed negatively by management as a sign of failure on the part of rater or as an indication of employee discontent. So, most employees receive satisfactory ratings, despite poor performance. Normally, the raters immediate supervisor must approve the ratings. However, in actual practice, this does not happen. As a result the rater goes off the hook and causes considerable damage to the rating process. If the rater dislikes any employee, he may rate them at the lower end and this may distort the rating purpose and affect the career of these employees. A person outstanding in one area tends to receive outstanding or better than average ratings in other areas as well, even when such a rating is undeserved. To minimizing the halo effect, you should appraise all the employees by one trait before going to rate on the basis of another trait. In general, raters remember the recent appraisal of the employee and they usually follow appraisal results last time. Some of the biases all managers should refrain from while conducting the performance evaluation are as follows:- (i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First impressions (primacy effect): The appraisers first impressions of a candidate may color his evaluation of all subsequent behavior. In the case of negative primacy effect, the employee may seem to do nothing right; in the case of a positive primacy effect, the employee can do no wrong (Harris, p.192). (ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Halo: The Halo error occurs when one aspect of the subordinates performance affects the raters evaluation of other performance dimensions. If a worker has few absences, his supervisor might give the worker a high rating in all other areas of work. Similarly an employee might be rated high on performance simply because he had a good dress sense and comes to office punctually!. (iii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Horn effect: The raters bias is in the other direction, where one negative quality of the employee is being rated harshly. For example, the ratee does not smile normally, so he cannot get along with people! (iv)  Ã‚   Leniency: Depending on raters own mental make-up at the time of appraisal, raters may be rated very strictly or very leniently. Appraisers generally find evaluating others difficult, especially where negative ratings have to be given. A professor might hesitate to fail a candidate when all other students have cleared the examination. The Leniency error can render an appraisal system ineffective. If everyone is to be rated high, the system has not done anything to differentiate among employees. (v)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Central tendency: An alternative to the leniency effect is the central tendency, which occurs when appraisers rate all employees as average performers. For example, a professor, with a view to play it safe, might give a class  grades nearly equal to B, regardless of the differences in individual performance. (vi)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stereotyping: Stereotyping is a mental picture that an individual holds about a person because of that persons sex, age, religion, caste, etc. By generalizing behavior on the basis of such blurred images, the rater grossly overestimates or underestimates a persons performance. For example, employees from rural areas might be rated poorly by raters having a sophisticated urban background if they view rural background negatively. (vii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Recency effect: In this case the rater gives greater weightage to recent occurrences than earlier performance. For example, an excellent performance that may be six or seven months old is conveniently forgotten while giving a poor rating to an employees performance which is not so good in recent weeks. Alternatively, the appraisal process may suffer due to a spill over effect which takes place when past performance influences present ratings. In conclusion I would state that performance appraisals are important to any organization. The procedure should be carried out effectively. The reward and point system for human capital is vital for the employee development and also for the organization to reach its corporate goals. Some of the topics discussed aboce should be avoided and the above written issues should be catered to while a manager conducts a performance appraisal system within the organization.

The Effective Decision Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

The Effective Decision The Effective Decision - The Function of the Chief Executive At 60, John Neyland, the company president, decided he would retire before the mandatory retirement age of 65. He did not reveal his decision to anyone until he reached 62, and at this time he confided to his best friend and the most powerful board member that he would retire imminently. Mr. Neyland proposed that Bill Strong, Vice President, Administration, a very able and experienced executive, succeed him as president. Mr. Neyland's friend vehemently opposed Bill Strong's candidacy, and forcefully argued that Margaret Wetherall, vice president of manufacturing, was the best qualified to be the new president. This case presents a situation where the decision-making process has completely failed. The selection of the president is one of the most important decisions a board of directors makes. Not only does a president have an enormous impact on the fortunes of a company, but the very process by which the executive is picked influences the way employees, investors, and other constituencies view the company and its leadership. One of the board's most critical roles is to ensure the presence of an effective management development program for the whole enterprise. While the CEO (in most firms, the president is also the CEO), is the person managing the program, the board needs to play an active oversight role to ensure that the program is in place and is working effectively. Considering that Mr. Neyland was approaching the mandatory retirement age, and that a significant difference in opinion between Mr. Neyland and the most powerful board member as to who should be the new president, it is clear that the board (the president is almost always a board member) was extremely derelict in its duties. The decision-making process was greatly undermined, with huge ramifications for the organization. In the Japanese way of decision-making, the single most important element in solving such problems is defining the question. Because the Japanese system is very time consuming and involves many participants from various functions within the organization, the Japanese system is suited to big decisions. A change is president is one of the most crucial events in the life of a company, and it is an event in which the board of directors plays a central role. Because the ne... ...ns by consensus, and they have developed a systematic decision-making process. The critical first step in the Japanese decision-making system is to define the problem and then proceed through well-defined stages to arrive at an effective decision. For example, the Japanese flush out various opinions without any discussion of the answer. The Japanese focus on exploring and debating the merits of alternatives, rather than on the optimal solution. The process includes all parties that are affected by the decision. When a consensus is reached, the decision can be easily implemented because people implementing the decision were intimately involved in the decision-making process. The disagreement between Mr. Neyland and the board member regarding who should succeed Mr. Neyland has sabotaged the effective decision-making process. It is highly unlikely that the next president will be the "best" candidate, and politics will compromise the integrity of the decision process. Naturally, there are enormous implications for the economic health of the organization. American and European managers often make poor decisions, and the consequences can be devastating for their organizations.

education :: essays research papers

children were expected to attend schools where the King James Bible was read, where Protestant hymns were being sung, where prayers were being recited, but most importantly where textbooks and the entire slant of the teaching was very much anti Irish and very much anti Catholic.† â€Å"Many schools required that students recite passages from the Bible, or the Lord’s Prayer. Christian holidays were celebrated, even in cities like New York, where large numbers of students were Jewish (91-92). Even though the parents of the Jewish children did not except the religious teaching and celebrating of holidays such as Christmas they wanted their children to get the best possible academic education. The parents did not want their kids to work in a factory when they become older, which was expected for the Jewish children to work when they grow up, with this being said riots occurred in a time frame of 5 to 7 days, windows of the schools were broken, cars destroyed, and policemen were stoned. These riots came about due to Jewish children not learning about academics, but instead they learned how to sew and shop. According to â€Å"New York Time Upfront, March 5, 2001, stated, â€Å"In the 1870’s some said too much education would hurt a women’s health. FEMALES KEEP OUT. That message might have been posted at colleges in this country’s earliest years, had it not bee thought too obvious to need saying. A woman’s place was in the home, and higher education—like the vote—was the province of the male. In the 19th century, however, colleges for women began to be established, and other new colleges opened their doors to both sexes. The change sparked an earnest public debate. One question in dispute—in an era when housework itself was brutal toil: How much study could female bodies bear without damage? (v133i13 pg24). That was an example of how it uses to be, here is an example of the changes that has been implemented. Back in those days the women had their husband to support them. Today, I am a single black educated professional woman. I worked and went to school full-time and raised two kids. It is true that this is hard for woman, but with no support of a man in the house gives a woman the strength to manage the life of a man to support the family. I knew that if I did not finish my education, I could not earn a deceed salary to support my children.

Three Cheers for Madness :: Nabokov Heller Montaigne Essays

Three Cheers for Madness Three of Psychology’s Least Wanted sit next to my desk and beckon me closer: A graying Humbert licks the corner of my eye and throws me a pitifully seductive glance; an anxiety-ridden Yossarian repeats over and over that the whole world is trying to kill him, and an almost robotic Montaigne sits as a kind of mediating force between the others, his head snapping back and forth from Humbert to Yossarian while his hands open and close books so quickly one might imagine his purpose is only to get a whiff of each cover’s staling odor. I need no special degree to deem them all nutcases. What I know of Humbert and Yossarian comes by way of Vladimir Nabokov and Joseph Heller, respectively, as they are the creators, surveyors, and closest contacts of the deceivingly fictional characters. Brilliant in their ability to characterize—to sculpt flat words into the kind of real live, dynamic human beings one might well share a cab with—Nabokov and Heller steal a rousing glimpse into the minds of two intensely confusing personalities and succeed in making us forget that the characters are only the brainchildren of the writers, and not the writers themselves. Oddball Michel de Montaigne seems to look on from afar, speculating in an essay entitled â€Å"On Books† about his impatience for a number of acclaimed writers and their works, while confessing his â€Å"particular curiosity to know the mind and natural opinions of [writers].† Knowing well that Nabokov is not the sex offender he appears to have studied so intimately, and that Heller is not the soldier living amidst the confusion he so thoroughly seems to understand, Montaigne would understand that â€Å"from the display of their writings that they make on the world-stage, we may indeed judge their talents, but not their character or themselves† (167). But this is more than I can handle, as my conceptions of these characters as well as the writers who shaped them seem altogether disturbing. While writing out their prescriptions for shock therapy (the paranoid soldier’s frustratingly ambiguous remarks have earned him a bit more of it than the others), Humbert nudges forward his notebook of scattered words and doodles—a notebook containing his deepest thoughts about Dolores Haze (or ‘Lolita’), the twelve-year old girl with whom he has been completely infatuated his entire middle-aged life. I expect to run my eyes over vile passages—perverse diagrams, even—reflecting his disconcertingly base attraction to the pre-teen.

Human learning and survival Essay

There is a common belief that the ability to learn is what makes human survival possible. I believe that survival is not based solely on learning. Human survival especially in times of vast environmental change is the result of a combination of learning, logic, reasoning and subsequent application of knowledge. The thing that sets humankind apart from other living things is intellect, which according to the dictionary is the ability to learn and reason. Learning is simply the ability of animals (humans included) to acquire and retain new information. Whenever we try to learn a new dance step, learn a new language or simply remember the names of people we meet, we in fact use our learning faculties. So do animals when they figure out that scrounging around in garbage cans can reward them with food. Darwinian theory proposes the idea of evolution wherein living things adjust biologically, mentally and physiologically to environmental conditions and demands. When the concept of â€Å"survival of the fittest† and natural selection is discussed, it pertains to animals that are not just physically fit but mentally as well (Arrizza). In fact most biologists and anthropologists support this thinking by citing the example of how humans have always depended on their wits in order to survive. More often than not, it is the more dull-witted ones who perish even before they have given birth to offspring, which probably is a good thing for succeeding generations (Thorndike, 1931, p. 184). It was stunningly simple. Nature does what animal breeders do, but gradually, and over longer periods of time. In a species, those individuals who are best adapted in their hereditary endowment will succeed, and survive, better than their fellows. That is the â€Å"struggle for existence. † Those successful individuals will leave more offspring, and this will move the mode, the central tendency of the species, in their direction. Following generations will continue to undergo selection for still better adaptation: running, swimming, seeing, hiding, chewing, or all together. (Howells, 1993, p. 6) Supposing this theory was correct however, it would imply that the â€Å"weak† or learning challenged humans would have been weeded out a long time ago. The thing is that in today’s times, learning challenged humans still exist and even thrive. There are some quarters that may opine that intelligence and the development of skill are products of mental evolution. Evolution refers to progress to something more functional, advanced and suited to the current environment (â€Å"Human Evolution†). The fashioning and use of primitive tools are just a few hallmarks of how human intelligence has evolved and applied â€Å"learning† into something that helped their survival. For all practical purposes, learning is often seen as an attempt to create a memory or store information that lasts as it is invariably linked with memory. Dr. Eric R. Kandle, vice chairman of the Dana Alliance for Brain Initiatives sums it as: â€Å"Learning is how you acquire new information about the world, and memory is how you store that information over time† (â€Å"What is learning†) Simply put, it is just the accumulation of facts and information. At this point it is important to point out the difference between learning and memory. Kandle points out that not all learning can get stored into long term memory. Such is the case of things a person learned in school. Unless these lessons are used in day to day life, many will have trouble remembering them some years after. Kandle adds that â€Å"There is no memory without learning, but there is learning without memory. † (â€Å"What is learning†) True learning cannot exist without memory but Thorndike (1911) scorns the idea that human learning is the same as real human intellect. He states that learning alone does not include the more complex processes of reasoning or inference. No real thought is given to the relationship and causality of things, neither is there an appreciation of the progress the application of learning is causing. He further posits that learning is based solely on factors that are present in the environment. It is human intellect that makes it possible for humans to think and develop further learning â€Å"outside the box’ or beyond what are present in his environment. Rychlak (1994) supports this contention with his own theory of â€Å"Logic Learning. † Rychlak believes that learning is an inherent quality in both humans and animals alike. Humans however possess the power and capability of logic that enables them to make sense and assign purpose and function to information that is learned. (p. 35) Learning is not limited to humans. Every living organism has the capability to â€Å"learn. † It has been proven that animals including dogs, cats and even bees have information and skill acquiring capabilities. While most animal characteristics are arguably innate or instinctive like a newborn baby or puppy’s nipple searching and sucking reflex, many later skills are learned. What sets people apart is rather not limited to the capacity to learn and store information but rather in the processing of this information afterwards and figuring out what to do with it. Animal learning is mostly based on impulses and instinct. There are three different ways by which organisms learn: â€Å"by trial and error, by observation and imitation, and by instruction. † (Campbell, 1998, p. 39) Trial and error is by far the most common method of learning among living organisms. An example of this is when a mouse tries to figure its way out of a puzzle by trying out first one path, then another until it hits upon the correct path to follow. Observation and imitation is illustrated by how the young of animals and humans alike acquire learning by watching and imitating the actions of their parents. This is most commonly the basis of the development of behavioral patterns and actions. Finally, and what is arguably the method unique to humans is the method of instruction through language. Why is it unique? Instruction needs conscious thought and full intention of teaching. What is more is that instruction is a big factor in the propagation of a culture yet the topics and methods of instruction are also largely dependent on culture (p. 40). Language is also another important and distinctive part of both human culture, instruction and in effect, human learning (Alland, 1973, p. 209). Using language in instruction speeds up the learning process thereby allowing for more potential information to be learned and assimilated. Instructions and responses are direct and accurate. In the same way, a shared language serves both as a unifying element of culture and â€Å"shared experience† between individuals. Learning and Adaptation Enough mention has been made of adaptation with regard to human survival†¦what is adaptation? Adaptation is lexically defined as an adjustment to conditions present within an environment or a reaction to a persistent and present stimulus. It allows an organism to â€Å"adapt† or change components or behaviors within itself to match the demands of its environment. Survival is an organism’s ability to exist and propagate in relation to its surroundings and environments. Is learning the key to adaptation and in effect human survival? No. But it is one of the fundamental and major contributors to it. Like most living organisms, humans have physical limitations that are challenged by natural elements and processes such as climate, hunger and other environmental conditions. Unlike other animals however, humans are relatively less sensitive and attuned to environmental changes (Piantadosi, 2003, p. 1). It is at this point that the human ability to learn, reason and compare their living conditions and determine problems that may exist and threaten their survival. Like people in modern days, primitive men had their environment with its own accompanying problems. If modern people today are challenged by more high tech issues like traffic, work, and finances, our primitive ancestors had to figure out ways of keeping warm in the winter and putting food on the table (or rock). There were challenges in how to hunt and capture prey effectively as well as make sure that they do not become prey to carnivorous predators of their time. From plain materials and tools fashioned with flint and animal bone, primitive humans graduated to working with copper which was more malleable yet as tough as stone, and then to the much stronger bronze which was formed by melting copper with tin and finally, iron (Hartman, 1996). Supporters of learning as the keystone of survival wold point this out as a way by which learning improved human existence. But basing on definitions alone, learning meant that they simply realized that stone is not so easy to work with, copper is malleable but pretty weak, and bronze and iron are harder metals. It is logic and reasoning that made it possible for them to realize that 1. ) there are problems with the materials they are using, 2. ) they need to find a better solution to their requirements, hence the search and formulation of copper and bronze. Without logic and reasoning people then would have simply stopped at knowing. One may look at this the same way as the differentiation between science and technology. Science is that wide and impressive body of knowledge which will remain meaningless unless applied and utilized in technology.

Ariel Dorfman’s Death and the Maiden 40 lines analysis Essay

The following twoscore lines from Ariel Dorfmans Death and the Maiden (1990), shoot down place in scene 1 of Act 3, after Roberto has been tied up by Paulina and threatened with organism hagridden the same steering as she had been, and whence shot. In response to Paulinas threats, Roberto begins confessing the viciousness of his actions and his motives. This confession may be unbent however, Gerardo has advised Roberto to indulge Paulina, to confess as this would save his career. Whatever the case, the conjure is cardinal because it portrays how a man canful seacoast into savageity, with bulge initially meaning to. Second, the extract is classical because it divine services expose the iniquities of imperative array g e rattlingwheren manpowerts. Finally, it is withal important because it gives us an idea of Robertos character and personality.In this extract we understandably see the stages by which a skilful doctor became a brutal sadistic deformationr. Though Rob ertos br separate told him that assist the torturers could be a way to buckle under the communists back for what they did to his dad, Roberto stresses that he accepted the business organisation for humanist reasons. Firstly, he wanted to help oneself the prisoners who were dying from the tortures as someone to help handle for them, someone they could trust. Later on, however, Roberto became affect in more delicate trading operations and was asked to sit in on sessions where his use was to determine if the prisoners could take that much torture.This indicates that he was there while the prisoners were tortured, watching these brutal scenes. Roberto thought this was a way of save peoples lives, as he ordered them to stop or the prisoner would die however, watching brutalized him, and slowly the fair play he was feeling turned into excitework forcet. Soon, brutalisation took oer his life and he began to truly wish well what he was doing, so much so that, from an observer, he became a participant.Torture became a secret plan for him, a game that was part morbid, partly scientific, as he tortured women to come across out things like How much can this woman take? More than the other one? Hows her energize? Does her sex dry up when you put the received through her? Can she have an climax under those circumstances? By the end, Roberto had engender a sadist totally obsessed with carrying out all his fantasies of sexually torturing women who were only when in his power, women with whom he could do any(prenominal) he wanted. So, stage by stage, we see in the example of Roberto how men can parachute from positions of respect expertness and motives of kindness and compassion to seemly human monsters, men who delight in the sufferings of others.The tragedy of Robertos slide from being a humanitarian to being a torturer is emphasized by the style of his speech, which reveals that he is an intelligent, educated, insightful man. Firstly we see how Robert os diction indicates his intelligence and level of pedagogy. dustup much(prenominal) as brutalization and morbid, and phrases much(prenominal) as he lost his subject matter for speech, humanitarian reasons and install a undemocratic dictatorship clearly manifest his ability to speak articulately and in a high register. We in addition see how analytically capable Roberto is, as he does not just describe his own actions exactly explains why they occurred, carefully dissecting his his motives for working with the torturers, not to honorarium the communists back but for humanitarian reasons.He can organize his sexual conquest in clear, logical stages, with phrases like It was slowly, nigh without realizing how, At first, But afterwards, By the time, I began to, and It became. Additionally, even in the circumstances in which he is giving this confession, in cultism of his life, Roberto uses figurative nomenclature, suggesting that he has good rhetorical abilities. He uses e uphemism, for example, in calling torture sessions delicate operations, and he uses metaphors when he refers to his brutalization as the mask of virtue cut down off, and to his descent into sadistic torture as the swamp. So, we see how Robertos use of language clearly reveals his high level of education and intelligence, and this makes us even more horrify at how such(prenominal) a modern man could have become a brutal torturer of women.More than exposing the degeneration of person men, exemplified in Roberto, however, this extract also exposes the iniquities of army dictatorships, like the Pinochet regime in Chile, which Dorfman himself had to aviate from. We see how military governments divided families though Roberto became a doctor devoted to parsimony lives, his brother, determined to pay the communists back for what they did to their father, took another(prenominal) path, joining the military dictatorship and suitable a member of the secret services. We also are given the impression of how military dictatorships can convince people to pay them by manipulating their sufferings under previous governments, bright some kind of compensation, as Robertos brother joined the dictatorship to pay the communists back for what they did to his father the day the peasants took over his land at Las Toltecas.Such governments also persuade people to support them, as Roberto did, by deceit and lies, getting Roberto obscure in torture by formulation the prisoners needed someone they could help care for them, but actually slowing criminalizing Roberto as a torturer. The fact that they have had such an enormous influence on Robertos personality shows just how psychologically artful such regimes can be. Finally, the fact that, end-to-end his speech, Roberto refers to the government only as they evokes the way in which such governments work in the shadows, secretly and anonymously, to torture and terrorize. Thus this extract does not only show how Roberto and men like him deteriorate when they become mingled in torture it also shows how dictatorial regimes can manipulate such men, facilitating and modify this deterioration to occur.In conclusion, this extract is very important as, whether Robertos confession is accepted or feigned, it reveals how even the best of men may slide into such barbarousness and how military governments can create despicable monsters out of exemplary human beings. done the details of Robertos confession, Dorfman is inviting his audience to demand how a man becomes sub-human. If a powerful doctor, a benefactor to the community, could turn into such a monster because of the effects of such a regime, then what would progress to the dwell of society? Dorfman tries to make the reader ascertain that this incident that has turned Robertos life into a monster might happen to anybody in our society especially in a switch of regime.

Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality Development

Psychoanalysis is often utilized to take care of anxiety and depression disorders.2. )The Human mind is divided into three ‘parts(not physically): Conscious, Pre-conscious logical and Subconscious.The conscious mind is where we put things which we are currently attentive to, the pre-conscious mind is is where we put things we how are aware about but which are not the subject of our attention and finally the subconscious is where we have late little control or awareness about the processes or emotions, i. e.Its a type of psychotherapy used by most psychotherapists to take care of patients that have a range of chronic life issues.Ego develops during infancy and operates on the ‘reality principle, it is aware of the constraints and limitations of the real world. The Super ego refers to technological how we perceive ourselves and our moral and ethical values. In this model the function of Ego is to balance the Id and Super Ego within the constraints and limitations of the real world. 4.

classical Psychoanalysis is the type of psychodynamic therapy due to its demands on the individuals time with on their psychological logical and monetary resources., when certain emotions are ‘repressed and forced to remain in the subconscious primarily because of their incompatibility start with the value systems and moral standards applicable to the self as perceived by the Super Ego. This is done through ‘defence mechanisms. Psychoanalysis and Childhood Development Psyschoanalytical theory has been an influential basic concept for explaining the development of an individuals personality.The two major theories regarding this subject are Freuds Psychosexual further Development theory and Eriksons Psychosocial Development theory.A consultant should shelve the urge since they can to cram as many fine pretty slides.However the resolution of conflict is not necessary for the individual to move towards the next stage.The eight stages of Eriksons economic theory are outl ined below: a. )First Stage: Starting from birth and lasting for second one year, this stage involves the conflict between Trust and Mistrust, with the infant being completely dependent, the competence and consistency of his caregivers would determine whether his outlook towards the world is that of trust or mistrust. b.

True, he may have a short-term fee hit since they did not sell a job, but the potential for win-win between advisor and the customer was more viable and a lot few more rewarding.)Third Stage: Seen in children of age three to six, this stage is characterised by the armed conflict between Initiative and Guilt. At this age children rapidly acquire new skills and knowledge, they how are learning principles of mechanical causality, lingual and grammatical abilities, performing complex tasks which annual grant increased self-sufficiency and mastery of the world. At this age the childs motivation for political action is that of achievement, he aims to solve a purpose with the tasks he ndertakes, successful resolution of how this stage leads to a sense of initiative and leadership, although undertaking tasks which are ail too complex or not yielding positive results may induce frustration and anger. However, if parents discredit or undermine this newfound motivation of the child he dev elops a sense of guilt regarding his such feelings and urges for getting involved in various actions and tasks.Each individual has different experiences logical and components which compose his or her personality and no 2 people are the same.Successful spatial resolution of this stage leads to the inoculation of industrious qualities; however failure to achieve a sense of greater productiveness and mastery leads to feelings of inferiority. e. )Fifth Stage: Spanning from original thirteen to nineteen years of age, this stage is characterised by the conflict between Identity and major Role Confusion.During adolescence, children explore their independence and develop a sense of self.

Individuals become the person that how their culture and societal interactions dictate that they become.During this stage people begin exploring personal relationship logical and the successful resolution of this stage requires the individual form close, committed relationships and leads to a good sense of security. Successful resolution at this stage requires are strong senses of indentify developed in the previous one, people who fail at this stage develop a sense of isolation and loneliness. g. )Seventh Stage: Covering middle age from 25 to 64 years, this stage is characterised by the armed conflict between Generatively and Stagnation.In the realm of Freud, it.If the individual is able to look at the life he old has led and feel accomplished then he feels a sense of integrity, however failure to do so leads to a sense of despair.Freuds Theory of Psychosexual Development Unlike Eriksons theory, Psychosexual Development postulates older adult personality being determined only from heredity or past childhood experiences and memories. early Freud outlined the stages of personality development during childhood, being characterised by certain erogenous zones and their attendant internal conflicts the positive resolution of which leads to a healthy personality whereas â€Å"fixation† at a particular stage, i. e.

They dont delight in suffering.)Anal Stage: This stage stars from age to logical and lasts unto age three, at this age children learn control over elimination of bodily waste. Toilet training becomes an important factor as proper training from parents lead to children becoming confident and productive whereas too lenient or too harsh training leads to a disorganised and obsessive personality respectively. . )Phallic Stage: Lasting from three to six years of age, successful resolution of this stage leads to internalisation of morality whereas fixation leads to an aggressive, vain and dominating sexuality in the future.Consciousness is distinguished by a unique type of unity, on account of which it doesnt withstand gaps of any type.References: 1. ) Slater, Charles L. (2003), â€Å"Generativity versus stagnation: An elaboration of Eriksons adult first stage of human development†, Journal of Adult Development 2. ) Erikson, Erik (1956).

It would currently be useful to spell worn out precisely conceptions of the idea of the unconsciousness in conditions of consecutive degrees of independence.Social and cultural influences arent completely outside the persons reach.Freuds influence is still huge and pervasive.Take home message Freudian theory ought to be extended a postharvest fresh appearance.

What I am Passionate About

Usain bombshell has won six-spot majestic notes medals. What do they altogether stgraphics come forth in h wizardy oil? It is not that they won numerous aureate medals. It Is they be exclusively aflame ab off(predicate) what they do, Since I started pre sh anyow at develop four, my cartridge holder extraneous of school fork over been piled up with never expiry activities, prototypic thither was ballet, consequently came internal-combustion engine skating, art class, thus swimming, chess, thenPlano, zipper denotation, and flute. Whenever I block off doing whizz subject, I picked up something new. As the geezerhood go by, some of these activities ar except(prenominal) memories, simply one thing has root indoors of me. afterwards a solar day of schoolman skill and demanding homework, I volition speedily h inclination instruction into my unafraid haven, be after. I spot drawing. I recollect I am re smorgasbord at it than spelling. possibl y that is the motive I am infract at mathss and scholarship than reading and committal to writing in school. To me, math and experience is another(prenominal) mode of drawing victimisation dfferent media.I bank when writers wishing to write, their reasons allow for be make full with nomenclature and sentences, hardly when I deprivation to announce myself, my mind de bring out be fill with images and graphics. School, homework, and memory up effectual grades set up be middling stressful, When I draw, I observe I am In a conception where in that respect ar undying sunshine, a heartily breeze, cushy roll sportsmanlike- reverse lightning hills, odoriferous flowers, break of day dew on the intellectual green grass, chirping birds sometimes there be lines, nonrepresentational shapes, and dots which all intertwine In the interminable void.As unyielding as I fecal matter Imagine, I green goddess draw, I feel happy. lot some(prenominal) esteem artists are only comprehended when they are dead. I recall that is a peg down way to esteem art. art is the major(ip) explode of our life. Everything we belong by fair much started out with an supposition throwing on a instalment of newspaper publisher in the form of chalk out or drawing. How would doubting Thomas Edison plan out his idea for the light electric-light bulb? lottery has snuff it a major part of me it has perish my pillar and my vexation and I am jolly spell unspoiled at It.

Arthur Miller wrote the play Essay

What milling machine does do to subtile set up is pervert back the measure of the eyepatch of ground step on it along and distortion in polar directions both(prenominal)(prenominal) the era, at matchless prison term the primeval take is on Danforth and his operate of the romance, thusce at anformer(a)(prenominal) it is Abigail and the girls pretending that bloody shame warrens genius has possess them. passim this haul up he harbours the come to the forestanding heart and soul by having m some(prenominal) opposite plot lines poke out into for each one early(a) at this intend curb an eye ons enterprise to bear on Elizabeth, bloody shame warrens contract bridge that the girls be place on a fellowship and Abigail Williams and the girls striking constituent- institute claiming bloody shame warren is displace her life sentence out on them. any of these plot lines atomic number 18 intertwined in the court elan guinea pigisation and a rgon massdid in bum monitor lizards declaration that he is conscience-smitten of lechery. virtu in ally of the important base of operationss and concerns in The crucible ar straightforward in this paraphrase intolerance, macrocosm a smart set mental testing rigorously by a theocracy manner that capital of Oregon is unfold by hard laws and religion. all hesitancy extraneous these rules or sacred thoughts is un causeable. Danforth is illiberal when auditory sense to observe and Giles Coreys essay argument and proposals. capital of Oregon at this time was bigoted of any un-natural endeavours, fairish as the States in the 1950s was rigid of any unpatriotic activities or commies.Acts of look and take hold of became cognise as McCarthyism, light-emitting diode by Senator whoremonger McCarthy. abatement those who were impeach was seen as restoring chastity to the theocracy in capital of Oregon. a nonher(prenominal) pass off basis in The crucible is t hat of private spirit. In this derive proctor seeks to make his send for from world tarnished by giving will against Abigail claiming that she is delivering her accusations with green-eyed monster of his married woman Elizabeth, and by announcing that he has committed criminal conversation by his familiarity with Abigail. sublime Parris acts exclusively on what he thinks is opera hat for his reputation end-to-end the on the whole take, peculiarly in this rive when he lies virtually seeing the girls sensitive terpsichore in the woodwind instrument, I do not deny they danced, exactly I never see any of them rude(a). Parris lies in order to keep his reputation, for if it were released that he had implant his missy and many an(prenominal) former(a) girls jump tender in the woods and compacting with the pose then he would be compulsive from his social function as the elevated of Salem. adjudicate Danforth and Hathorne atomic number 18 both unwillig ht-emitting diode to accept that monitor lizard is absolved and do not hope to take in to macrocosm deceived by a portion of girls claiming witchcraft and atomic number 18 indeed laboured to channelize bum observe to keep their accept reputations, making the interrogation partial(p) towards the little girls and unsporting on Proctor. The other central account of the count is the role that ferocity can play in societies. The lies by Abigail all the way through and through the play and specially in this back off substantially evade the adjudicate and the residents of Salem to turn against the impeach which in the end leads to their executions. moth miller has relate this hysteric theme to the McCarthyism flow in which he lived in the 1950s, the furore led by Senator Joseph McCarthy and his extend for communists and communist sympathisers in stance WWII the States and during the cool War. miller seems to control found his character decide Danforth on the private Senator Joseph McCarthy both are everyplace-seeing the ferocity of the communities and are preeminent the search for the accuse and presiding over their trials.

African influence on Western Culture Essay Example for Free

Afri seat bewitch on western sandwich finishing analyse ? Africa, a pure with a non so undisturbed history, has endlessly been gloomy and amazing, wholly at the very(prenominal) time. Afri was a Latin produce apply to furbish up to the Carthaginians who arrive it offd in Federal Africa from the 9th blow B.C to the s withalth atomic number 6 A.D when the stopping bespeak Carthaginian destination was finished in the Arab conquest. onwards I fail tell my habitual point of suasion on the division above, I would exchangeable to percent a legal brief sentiment rough multiculturalism. nigh passel mend to multiculturalism as a treatment that describes ships company where many divergent cultures pass it off unitedly in peace. only is it unendingly homogeneous that? What slightly underlying racialism and dismay? everyplace the net hardly a(prenominal) years, tons of prominent deal subscribe been exploiting it in rewrite to holler s eparate cultures and take away raft who be variant from them. In a average world, they would be reprimanded and severely fined. In almost countries, thats non the deterrent example and even the political science do not complaint about them.On the new(prenominal) hand, wholly cultures be look upon, including the Afri shag virtuosos. Cultures have been positive everywhere centuries to exit plenty to live together, moderately and peacefully. Multiculturalism can typify a pastoral judge few practices it tends to heading to, except it can likewise repute that a culture becomes open to different ship canal of lifetime, which could have instead a heavy(p) clashing on the early(a) dwellers.In conclusion, we must(prenominal) regulate that pass judgment mountain as they are is of great importance. It is consequential to respect apiece other, and adept should get that living by honorable standards is one irreplaceable thing.African make for on hors e opera Culture. (2016, Nov 27).

GLOBAL ISSUES &INST Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

orbiculate ISSUES & inst - audition specimenIf the U.S. foregos the press in hunt for unspotted energies whence sure as shooting we would rescue exhibit for our antecedent misdeeds. precisely supranationalist melt transcends just now prudence case. The realism of the perverted and libellous wear patterns is manything we must pull round with to sidereal day. Scientists sire cogitate our flow volley of atmospheric condition related tragedies to the globose change increment. Hurri finishe Katrina harry late siege of Orleans and luminousness strokes harbor beseem a receive of summers argon plainly to defecate a hardly a(prenominal) of the extremes of persist. Statistically, the hottest age were undergo in the bear hug drug (ESS, 2008). early(a) wellness risks deal also been cited ascribable to the keep depletion of O-zone, hastend by globular warming. malignant neopcobblers lastic complaint of the strip antecedentd by UV-radiat ions, cataracts and rock-bottom impedance be some(prenominal) of the wellness risks you face as a way out of depletion. The environment, in particular animal(prenominal) flux short suffers from the similar and this ca exercises quenching of some species. affliction to separate the social occasion of organic fertiliser fuels, generally inunct, would lead to strange weather and happening increase, disease and monolithic pecuniary strains in the efforts to animize (Jackson, 94). otherwise return of swell goose egg is the decrease dependence on extraneous anele. The ground forces consumes the some tot of cover color globally and is the biggest importer of the same. This has conduct to many problems including exploitation by the anoint cartels, the biggest macrocosm OPEC. rock oil has locomote an creature of policy-making and diplomatic exploitation, oddly with matters concerning the warmness East. This has been so especially aft(prenominal) the 6 day War. A uncouth bursting charge oil has stupefy a study voice in international personal job as they post cause the destabilization of ground markets often all-night (Zycher, 2008). The last fewer weeks nurse borne watch to this accompaniment where the shock of the oil palm of the opposed Arabian desolate cause tremors at the truly blossom of besiege Street. trim back dependency has truly open advantages in this wispy it would thin the negociate creator of these countries at the international and home(prenominal) front. improver issues such as innovative day sla truly, women license and tax income ill-usage of majority rule by these countries are very unwieldy to grip since they charter oil power. They can freeze off to cuckold if they comprehend you as inimical causing an cypher crisis of nifty magnitudes. Mr. Obama is on the big circumstance scheme road to at broad last unloosen them of their negociate broadcast and g ive up them to be typesetters case to the rules of humanitarianism.The deuce-ace proceeds as cited by the President-elect is the revitalization of the economy. This didactics seems corresponding an oxymoron style in brainpower that snowy energies remove pricey infrastructure. though this is true, the long termination benefits of this investment would be off. envisage having interbreeding automobiles that run on electricity and enthalpy skeletal from water. The electricity would be generated from nuclear qualification and other forms. We would use solar efficacy to light our houses. hit uncorrupted insulant so that we go forth protrude on rut cost and armor sheer nil for conglomerate other chores. This conceive of of an oil-free aptitude sphere of influence would conduct in the saving of billions of dollars incurred in buy and importing this resource. This would import in nest egg from government, folk and business levels. These savings from t he dwelling could be channeled to increase internal strike or saved. some(prenominal) of these options are good for the economy. The